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Class 9, History Chap.2 : Socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution (Question and answers) NCERT

Class 9, History 

Chap.2 : Socialism in Europe and the Russian revolution

Timeline

1800-20: Robert Owen built looperative community called New Harmony in Indiana. (USA)

1848 : 'Communist Manifesto ' by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles.

(1870's : Socialism spreaded in Europe)

1863: SPD ( Social Democratic Party ) in Germany.

1890's - Russian Industrial development.

1871: Paris Commune

1896, 97, 1902- Industrial strikes in Russia

1898: Russian social Democratic Labour party( RSDLP)

1900: Socialist Revolutionary party in Russia

1902: Socialist party in France

1905 : Labour Party in Britain

1905 Russian revolution of 1905 ( BLOODY SUNDAY: FATHER GAPON)

1905 : Russian parliament Duma formed

1912 : RSDLP SPLIT INTO Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks).

1914-18: 1st World War( 3ple Alliance or central power: Germany,Austria, Turkey v/s

3ple Entente: France, Britain and Russia (later Italy also joined)).

22 February 1917- International womens day( Women lead Russian strikes Eg. Marfa Vasileva)

24 February - 28 February 1917( as per Julian calendar of Russia) : February revolution 

8 March -16 March( As per Gregorian calendar)

25 February 1917: Government suspended Duma

2nd March 1917: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia( Provincial government lead by Alexander Kerensky the Menshevik leader)

12 March 1917 : Petrograd Soviet or Soviet Duma formed.

April 1917 : Menshevik leader Lenin returned to Russia

April 1917 : April Thesis by Lenin( Land to peasant, Russian withdrawal from first world war and Nationalisation of Russian Banks)

25 October 1917: October Revolution( Bolshevik Uprising in Petrograd)

November 1917: Bolshevik party is renamed into Russian communist party ( Bolshevik)

March 1918 : Breat Litovsk( Peace treaty with Germany)

1918- 19: Russian civil war( Green or Socialist revolutionary v/s White or Pro Tsarists supported by America, Britain, France and Japan)

January 1920: Bolsheviks Controlled Russia

1922: Formation of USSR( Union of Soviet Socialist Russia)

1924 : Death of Lenin and entry of Stalin ( 1922)

1929-33 : Industrial growth in Russia

1927-28: Collectivisation of Agriculture and Peasant protest

1928: Stalin's raid on Kulaks( wealthy peasants in Russia)

1929: 2 million Peasant prisoners because of Anti- Stalin protest

25 December 1992 : Fall of USSR

Objective questions

1.Who is the leader of Bolshevik party?

Lenin

2.In which year Tsarist power in Russia is collapsed?

1917( February revolution)

3.Who is Judidist in Russia?

Muslim reformers.

4.What is the main occupation of Russians in 20th century?

Agriculture

5.Who were known as central powers or tripple alliance in first world war?

Austria, Germany and Turkey.

6.Who is associated with April thesis (1917)?

Lenin

7.Who is the successor of Lenin?

Stalin

8.Which group of thinkers mainly defended political a.d social changes?

Conservatives

9.Who conspired in Italy to bring about a revolution?

Mazzini

10.Who were the major powers that fought with Russia against central power?

France and Britain (Triple Entente )

11.In which year Petrograd Soviet is formed?

1917( March 12)

12.In which revolution the socialists took over the government in Russia?

October Revolution of 1917( By replacing Provincial government lead by Kerensky)

13.Write the name of Peace treaty made by Bolsheviks with Germany in 1918?

Brest Litovsk

14.Father Gapon is associated with which event?

Revolution of 1905( The Bloody Sunday)

Short answer 

1.Write the major features of radicals?

*Agreed with the rule of majority

*Supported women right to vote

*Supported private property but strongly opposed the accumulation of capital or property in the hands of a few.

2.Who is Robert Owen?

He is an English manufacturer sought to built a cooperative community called New harmony in Indiana( USA).

3.List out the socialistic political parties formed in Russia, Britain, France and Germany in the beginning of 20th century C E?

* Germany: Social democratic party ( 1863)

*Russia: Socialist Revolutionary Party ( 1900)

*France: Socialist Party (1902)

* Britain: Labour party ( 1905)

4.Write about the Legacies of Paris Commune 1871?

* The town council ( commune) of Paris was taken over by people's government.It was a protest against the policies of French State.

* It has two legacies: a)Workers red flag is adopted by the communards( revolutionaries) in Paris. b)Merseillaise (of 1792) became the symbol of commune and struggle for liberty.

5. What is the reason behind the division Socialist revolutionary Party of Russia?

* The party was with the Social democrats and Socialist revolutionaries. The revolutionaries mainly stood for peasant rights and against Tsarist repressive policies.

* Under Lenin one part is formed under the title Bolshevik. Otheres were opened the party for all. Hence they formed Menshevik under Kerensky.

6.What is April thesis?

Lenin returned from exile in April 1917. Bolsheviks opposed world war from 1914 onwards. After February revolution Lenin introduced three points to take power. Nationalisation of banks, land transfer to the peasants and end of Russian involvement in world war.These three points are known as April thesis.

7.What is Bolshevik revolution?

The October Revolution was the second and the last major part of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It is also known as the Bolshevik Revolution because of the revolution is mainly lead by the Bolshevik party. TheMilitary Revolution Committee was led by Trotsky. They controlled Petrograd Garrison and Kronstadt sailors. Hence they won in this rebellion.

8.Who were Kulaks?

 It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. They were raided in 1928 and their supplies were confiscated.

9.What is Collectivisation of Stalin?

Collectivization was a policy that was formulated by the Soviet Union in Russia. It was the policy that involved forced consolidation of the various individual peasant households into collective farms. These collective farms were called 'Kolkhozes'.

10.What were the failures of collectivisation of Stalin?

Peasants objected violently to abandoning their private farms.before joining the kolkhoz( collective farms)they slaughtered their livestock and destroyed their equipment. 

 

Long Answer 

Q)List out the vital arguments of Carl Marx about capitalist?

*Industrial society was capitalist* Capitalist owns the profit produced by the labours*Labours condition will not improve until the capital is accumulated in the hands of Capitalist*Workers should overthrow capitalism and private property*Workers had to built Socialist society where all property was socially controlled without exploitation*This would be a communist society. 

Q)6.Write a note on the Russian revolution of 1905? 

Causes:Weak leadership of Tsar Nicholas II • Poor working conditions, low wages, and 

hazards of industrialization • New revolutionary move lead by working class • Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) 

Events:100's of workers were killed in a march towards Winter palace. The workers under the leadership of Father Gapon is shooted by Cossacks or military men and police.This incident is known as bloody Sunday.

Result:∆ Revolutionaries defeated Nicholas II∆But his powers were retained with conditions∆Duma or Russian parliament is formed ∆Russian constitution is formed ∆Incresed the number of trade unions.

Q)Briefly explain the economical, political and social system in Russia until 1914?

*Political: Romonov dynasty ruled Russia. Tsar Nicolas II was Russia territory was much wider. It included Finland, Latvia, Litvania, Estonia, Poland , Ukrain, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and some central Asian states.

*Social: The majority religion was Russian ( Greek orthodox ) Orthodox Christians. Among them Muslims and Buddhists were included. 85% of Russians were Agriculturalists. Because of weak supervision labours worked in industries about 10 to 

15 hours.31% of factory labours were women. Workers were divided by skill.The land and industries were owned by the wealthy section of the society. Nobles land were often taken by the peasants by force because of less wage and poverty. 

*Economic:Russians were the major exporters of Grain.Coal and steel output etc..were in profit. But because of weak working conditions the labours often United to strike the work. 

Q)Write a note on February Revolution 1917?

Causes:

*Bloody Sunday massacre of 1905*Economic depression because of World war I * Failure of Russia in Russia - Japan war*Dictatorship of Tsar Nicolas II and peoples suffering*Autocratic rule by Tsarina Alexandra and monk Rasputin in the absence of Tsar Nicholas II* Failure in the eastern front in the war

Events : 

* Heavy winter caused the shortage of food.People protested everywhere.*Large protest on 26th February in Petrograd against the suspension of Duma by the government.*Factory strikes by the workers. International womens day is celebrated on 22 February during a lockout took place at a factory* Police headquarters were ransacked by the revolutionaries

Effects:

*Tsar abdicated on 2nd March.*Provisional Government was formed by the Duma leaders and Soviet leaders.*Elected constituent assembly formed and introduced universal adult franchise*Monarchy was brought down in February 1917 by the February Revolution, led by the Petrograd Soviet.

Q) Write a note on October Revolution?

Causes:

*Autocratic tendencies by provincial government lead by Mensheviks.* Financial bankruptcy(condition of insolvency)*Unrest by workers, prasants and soldiers*Subsistence issues by soldiers wife and poor peasants*Anti-war demands by the Bolsheviks*Arrest and death of labours and Bolsheviks in July protests in Petrograd 

Events:

*The Bolsheviks seize control of Petrograd. *Bolsheviks formed Military revolutionary committee under Trotsky*They took control of the Winter Palace.It was the last holdout of the Provisional Government

Results:

*Resignation of Minister Kerensky.*Soviets siezed the power and took Moscow - Petrograd area.*Bolshevik chnaged name into Russian Communist Party * Ban of old titles*Peasants siezed the land of nobles* Election to the constituent assembly* Peace treaty with Germany in 1918 named Brest Litovsk *Russia became one party State

Q)What are the causes of civil wain Russia?

* Rusian army begun to collapse because of the returning of soldiers into home.

*All non Bolsheviks were condemned the Bolshevik revolution*By worrying about the growth of communism ,the Pro Tsarists named" Whites" (under the support of America, France, Britain and Japan)and Socialist revolutionaries named "green" started civil war. 

Q) What are the effects of Russian civil war?

*Russian Civil War ended in 1923 with Lenin's Red Army claiming victory and establishing the Soviet Union in 1922.

*Russian Revolution paved the way for the rise of communism in the world.

Q) Write about the pros and cons of Stalinism?

Pros:

*Improved industries through 5 year plans

*Collectolization helped to move food to cities. It reduced food price.

*Health and medicines became advanced.

* Russia became a powerful country

Cons:

*Collectivisation cost to the death of millions of people in Russia.

*Peasant protest because of low price for grains

Class IX History Chapter.1 French revolution ( Question and answers) NCERT

Class IX NCERT (2022)

The French Revolution 

(Pic: Olympe de Gouges who guillotined because of rising voice for the right of women)

Timeline

1774 Louis XVI ascended throne.

1775- 83 American War of Independence.

1789 Frech population reached 28 million.

5 May 1789 Louis XVI called estates general

20 June 1789 Tennis court Assembly

14 July 1789 Demolition of Bastille (Ammunation, prison, Symbol of Monarchy)

- Louis XVI Recognised National Assembly.

4 Aug. 1789 National assembly abolished feudalism 

1791 National Assembly drafted constitution

April 1792 National Assembly declared war against Prussia & Austria

21 Sep 1792 Jacobians Abolished Monarchy and declared France as Republic

1793-94 Reign of Terror by Robespierre.

1793 Louis XVI is executed.

1794 Robespirre is Guillotioned

- Directory Rule ( 5 member executives Rule)

1794 legislations to free slaves

- Napoleon reintroduced slavery.

1804- Napoleon as emperor of France

1815 Napoleon defeated in Battle of Waterloo

1848 slavery abolished in France and French colonies.

Essay Type questions

1.Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France?

a)Louis XVI was an autocratic ruler who could not compromise with his luxurious life. He also lacked farsightedness.

b)Under Louis XVI France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. It ruined french economy. 

c)The French society was divided into three estates but only members of the first two estates i.e,the clergy and the nobles were exempted to pay taxes. They belonged to privileged class. Thus the burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate only.

d)The middle class that emerged in the 18th century France was educated and enlightened. They refuted the theory of divine rights of the kings and absolute monarchy. They demanded the society based on merit. The ideas of philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu etc.were influenced them.Those ideas were popularised among commons.

e)The French administration was extremely corrupt.It did not give weightage to the French Common man.

2.Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution?

a)The new middle class of France benefited the most from the revolution.They were in the wealthy class of the third estate.Eg: Big businessmen, petty officers, lawyers, teachers, doctors and traders. They faced inequality and after revolution they begun to be treated as equal as upper class.

b)With the abolition of feudal system of obligation and taxes, the clergy and the nobility came on the same level with the middle class. They were forced to give up their privileges. Their executive powers were also taken away from them

c)The poorer sections of the society, i.e. small peasants, landless labourers, servants, daily wage earners would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution. Women also would have been highly discontented.

3.Describe the legacy of the French Revolution for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries.

a)The ideas of liberty and democratic rights.

b)The ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity spread from France to the rest of Europe, where feudal system was finally abolished.

c)Colonised people reworked on the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to Create a sovereign nation-state.

d)The idea of Nationalism is emerged in the world and people began to question the absolute power.

e)The impact of the French Revolution in India : Tipu Sultan and Raja Rammohan Roy got deeply influenced by the ideas of the French revolution.Eg. Tree of liberty and concept citizen.

f)People all over the world became aware of their rights.

4.How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

a)The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.Napoleon had achieved glorious victories in wars. This made France realize that only a military dictator like Napoleon would restore a stable government.

b)In 1804, he crowned himself the emperor of France. He set out to conquer neighboring European countries, dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family. Napoleon viewed himself as a moderniser of Europe.

c)He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weight and measures provided by the decimal system. But his rise to power did not last for a long time. He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

Short answer questions 

1.Who was the ruler of France during the revolution?

Answer:

Louis XVI of the Bourbon family was the ruler of France.

2.Name the three ‘Estates’ into which the French society was divided before the Revolution.

Answer:

The First Estate — Clergy

The Second Estate — Nobility

The Third Estate — Common people.

3.When did the French Revolution occur?

Answer:

14th July, 1789.

4.What was tithes?

Answer:

It was a tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce.

5.What was taille?

Answer:

It was a direct tax to be paid to the State.

6.Who formed the National Assembly in France in 1789?

Answer:

Third Estate.

7.What was the slogan of the French revolutionaries?

Answer:

Liberty, Fraternity and Equality.

8.What was feudal system?

Answer:It was a system under which land was granted to landlords in return for military or labour services.

9.Which philosopher had forwarded the principle of voting by the assembly as a whole, where each member should have one vote, during the rule of louis XVI?

Answer:Rousseau.( Book: 'The Social Contract.')

10.What was the theme of the book ‘The Spirit of the Laws’ written by Montesquieu?

Answer:Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

11.Name any four French philosophers who inspired the French people to revolt.

Answer:Jean Jacques Rousseau,Montesquieu and Voltaire.

12.Why was Bastille hated by the French people?

Answer:Bastille was hated because it stood for the despotic power of the king.

13.When did France abolish the monarchy and became republic?

Answer:

21st September, 1792.

14.Who was the leader of the Jacobin Club?

Answer:

Maximilian Robespierre. Jacobian club abolished slavery in France.

Short Essay 

1.Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the life of people of French.

Answer:

a)Divorce was made legal, and could be applied by both women and men. Women could be now trained for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.

b)The Constitution of 1791 began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. It proclaimed that Freedom of speech and opinion and equality before law were natural rights of each human being by birth. These could not be taken away.

c)Newspapers, pamphlets and printed pictures appeared steadily in the towns of French. From there, they travelled into the countryside. These publications described and discussed the events and changes taking place in the country.

2.What measures were taken by Robespierre to bring equality in the French Society?

Answer:

Measures are :

Robespierre government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices.

Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government.

The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden; all citizens were required to eat the quality bread, a loaf made of whole wheat.

Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address.

Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices.

Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address.

3.What was the significance of ‘The Tennis Court Oath’ in the French Revolution?

The Oath was taken on 20th June in the hall of an indoor court in the grounds of Versailles.The members declared themselves as the National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.

The National Assembly drafted the new Constitution which laid the foundation of Republic of France.

4.What is the major criticisms to the declaration of rights of man and citizen?

Answer

* Women were disappointed that the constitution of 1791 reduced them as passive citizens.

*Activists like Olympe de Gouges protected against it and wrote the declaration of rights of women and citizen

5.How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

Answer

*After the rule of directory the military leader Napoleon crowned himself as the emperor of France in 1804.

* He started to conquer the neighbouring countries and dispossessing dynasties and appointed his family members there.

*He saw his role as a moderniser of Europe

* He passed Iaws to protect pvt. property.

* Introduced uniform weights and measures based on decimal system.

* He introduced Uniform civil code.

* Later Napoleonic came as an invading army and defeated in 1815 ( Battle of Waterloo).